Subalterns and the State

This episode features a conversation with historical anthropologist Lisa Mitchell and political theorist Hari Ramesh whose recent books make a case against anti-state thinking in social and political theory. We discussed the need to move beyond frameworks emphasizing either subordination to the state or revolt against the state in order to better understand how marginalized and oppressed groups can use the state as a means to enact transformative justice aimed at greater social equality. As Lisa and Hari point out, this requires moving beyond theories of deliberative democracy that rest on conceptions of rational communication. Instead, they argue for the need to consider the role of embodied practices, such as pulling the emergency chain on trains or blocking road traffic, and instances of “positive coercion,” such as Reconstruction Era laws and the U.S. Civil Rights Act, in expanding the parameters of democratic participation. Through Lisa’s account of what she calls a “materialist genealogy of collective action” in India and in Hari’s readings of B.R. Ambedkar, W.E.B. Du Bois, and the NAACP’s legal brief on Brown v. Board of Education, we come to understand the state as a complex terrain of power with different pressure points that allows for novel forms of relationality and maneuver. In the process, we also see political collectives, not as fixed identity groups, but as the product of shifting coalitions. 

Guests

Lisa Mitchell: Professor or History and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania

Hari Ramesh: Assistant Professor of Government, Wesleyan University

References

Lisa Mitchell, Hailing the State: Indian Democracy Between Elections (Duke University Press, 2023)

Hari Ramesh, Harnessing the State: Oppressed Groups and the Pursuit of Radical Democracy (Harvard University Press, 2026)

John Dewey: philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer who was one of the most prominent American scholars of the twentieth century. 

B.R. Ambedkar, “States and Minorities” (1947)

W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America (1935)

Partha Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed (2004)

Jurgen Habermas: philosopher and social theorist whose work addressed notions of communicative rationality and the public sphere. 

Adhaar card: 12-digit unique identification number tied to biometric data and demographic information issued to residents of India 

Telengana movement: a decades-long political and social campaign for the creation of a separate state out of the Telugu-speaking region of Andhra Pradesh in India, which culminated in the formation of Telangana as India’s 29th state on June 2, 2014. 

Iris Marion Young: political theorist and socialist feminist who focused on the nature of justice and social difference. 

Sally Haslanger: philosopher and feminist theorist who work on the social construction of categories, especially of gender and race.